![]() ![]() Less than 20 tonnes of CsCl is produced annually worldwide, mostly from a caesium-bearing mineral pollucite.Ĭesium Chloride is a chemical reagent used in nuclear and radiologic medical treatments (e.g. Cesium chloride occurs naturally as impurities in carnallite (up to 0.002%), sylvite and kainite. CsCl changes to NaCl structure on heating. Its crystal structure forms a major structural type where each caesium ion is coordinated by 8 chlorine ions. This colorless solid is an important source of caesium ions in a variety of niche applications. Fluorescent pH indicators coupled to dextrans are extremely well retained in cells, do not bind to cellular proteins and have a reduced tendency to compartmentalize ( pH Indicator Conjugates-Section 20.4).įamilies of Molecular Probes pH indicators are listed in Molecular Probes pH indicator families, in order of decreasing pKa-Table 20.1 in approximate order of decreasing pK a value.Cesium chloride is the inorganic compound with the formula CsCl.pHrodo dye and LysoSensor probes, for use in acidic environments such as lysosomes ( Probes Useful at Acidic pH-Section 20.3).Visible light–excitable SNARF pH indicators enable researchers to determine intracellular pH in the physiological range using dual-emission or dual-excitation ratiometric techniques ( Probes Useful at Near-Neutral pH-Section 20.2), thus providing important tools for confocal laser-scanning microscopy and flow cytometry.Among these are several probes with unique optical response and specialized localization characteristics: We offer a variety of fluorescent pH indicators, pH indicator conjugates and other reagents for pH measurements in biological systems. Unlike intracellular free Ca 2+ concentrations, which can rapidly change by perhaps 100-fold, the pH inside a cell varies by only fractions of a pH unit, and such changes may be quite slow. Intracellular pH is generally between ~6.8 and 7.4 in the cytosol and ~4.5 and 6.0 in the cell's acidic organelles. Consequently, the following two sections of this chapter are divided into pH indicators for use in environments with near-neutral pH ( Probes Useful at Near-Neutral pH-Section 20.2) and pH indicators for use in relatively acidic environments ( Probes Useful at Acidic pH-Section 20.3). To quantitatively measure pH, it is essential to match the indicator's pK a to the pH of the experimental system. Of course, many of the same fluorescent pH indicators can also be used as pH sensors in cell-free media. These advantages have spurred the development of improved fluorescent dyes that can sense pH changes within physiological ranges. They also offer much greater spatial sampling capability when compared with microelectrode techniques. Fluorescent dyes, however, provide the increased sensitivity required for optical pH measurements inside live cells. The ability of dyes-notably litmus, phenolphthalein and phenol red-to change their color in response to a pH change has found widespread application in research and industry. Chapter 23-Antifades and Other Tools for Fluorescence Applications.Chapter 22-Probes for Membrane Potential.Chapter 21-Indicators for Na+, K+, Cl– and Miscellaneous Ions.Chapter 19-Indicators for Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+ and Other Metal Ions.Chapter 18-Probes for Reactive Oxygen Species, Including Nitric Oxide. ![]() Chapter 17-Probes for Signal Transduction.Chapter 16-Probes for Endocytosis, Receptors and Ion Channels.Chapter 15-Assays for Cell Viability, Proliferation and Function.Chapter 14-Fluorescent Tracers of Cell Morphology and Fluid Flow.Chapter 13-Probes for Lipids and Membranes.Chapter 11-Probes for Cytoskeletal Proteins.Chapter 10-Enzyme Substrates and Assays.Chapter 9-Protein Detection and Analysis.Chapter 8-Nucleic Acid Detection and Analysis.Chapter 7-Antibodies, Avidins and Lectins.Chapter 6-Ultrasensitive Detection Technology.Chapter 5-Crosslinking and Photoactivatable Reagents.Chapter 4-Biotin and Hapten Derivatives.Chapter 3-Click Chemistry and other Functional Group Modifications.Chapter 1-Fluorophores and Their Amine-Reactive Derivatives. ![]()
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